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L’ICOMOS a participé à une mission technique conjointe avec l’UNESCO Bangkok et le SEAMEO SPAFA afin d’évaluer les dommages considérables causés au patrimoine culturel du Myanmar à la suite du séisme dévastateur du 28 mars 2025.
La mission a été soutenue par le Fonds d’urgence pour le patrimoine de l’UNESCO et l’ICOMOS, avec pour objectif de renforcer les capacités nationales en matière de préparation, réponse et rétablissement dans le secteur culturel au Myanmar.
À la suite du séisme, d’importants dégâts ont été constatés dans les anciennes cités de Haute-Birmanie – Amarapura, Innwa, Sagaing, Mingun et Mandalay – qui sont toutes inscrites sur la Liste indicative du patrimoine mondial du Myanmar.
Parmi les sites touchés figure la pagode Kuthodaw, qui abrite les tablettes bouddhistes inscrites au registre Mémoire du monde de l’UNESCO. Plusieurs musées nationaux, notamment ceux de Sagaing, Innwa, Mandalay et Nay Pyi Taw, ont également été fortement endommagés.
Compte tenu de l’ampleur des impacts, la mission visait à évaluer les risques immédiats, à orienter les mesures d’urgence et à contribuer à la planification à long terme de la reconstruction dans le secteur culturel.
Du 16 au 21 juillet, l’expert ICOMOS, Dr Arun Menon (ICOMOS Inde), a participé aux évaluations techniques sur le terrain à Amarapura, Innwa et Mandalay, en collaboration étroite avec le Département d’archéologie (DOA), la Myanmar Engineering Society (MES) et des experts de l’UNESCO.
Les principales activités comprenaient :
Relevé des dommages au monastère Shwe Gu Gyi, à la mosquée Odaw, au Pahtodawgyi et au pont d’U Bein
Mise en œuvre de mesures d’urgence de stabilisation et de protection contre les intempéries au monastère Shwe Gu Gyi
Démonstration de techniques de documentation et de récupération à destination des équipes locales
Inspections structurelles aux monastères Melnu et Kyauk Lain, à la tour de guet d’Innwa, à la pagode Kuthodaw et aux sites du palais de Mandalay
Consultations techniques avec le DOA et la MES pour examiner les constats et recommander les prochaines étapes
Dr Menon a également actualisé le protocole d’Inspection visuelle rapide (IVR), en s’appuyant sur la version initialement déployée à Bagan en 2016 après le séisme de Chauk, afin de mieux répondre aux besoins de documentation rapide des dommages structurels liés aux séismes.
Les résultats de cette première phase de mission contribueront non seulement à définir les stratégies de rétablissement dans le secteur du patrimoine à l’échelle nationale et internationale, mais contribueront aussi au processus d’évaluation multisectorielle des Nations Unies.
Une seconde phase de mission est prévue fin août 2025, avec une participation continue de l’ICOMOS.
L’ICOMOS reste pleinement engagée à soutenir la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel par le biais d’approches contextualisées, inclusives et adaptées aux ressources et réalités de chaque communauté, s’appuyant à la fois sur les pratiques locales et les normes internationales.