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Plus de 8 500 épaves dans le monde – la plupart résultant des conflits du XXe siècle – contiendraient entre 2,5 et 20 millions de tonnes de polluants, témoignant du lourd héritage du passé commun de l’humanité. Ces épaves sont souvent qualifiées de bombes à retardement, d’autant plus que la position de nombreuses d’entre elles reste incertaine.
Des processus physiques, biologiques et chimiques – aggravés par le changement climatique – compromettent l’intégrité structurelle de ces navires, dont certains font déjà état de fuites de substances contaminantes dans l’environnement naturel. Une défaillance soudaine de la structure de l’un ou plusieurs de ces navires, entraînant une marée noire majeure, constituerait une menace environnementale existentielle. Les conséquences peuvent être locales, avec la destruction possible de l’écosystème associé à l’épave, mais également affecter de manière significative les valeurs du patrimoine culturel subaquatique, voire troubler des sépultures humaines.
Le tourisme fondé sur les écosystèmes naturels et sur les valeurs culturelles et historiques associées aux épaves constitue une activité économique essentielle dans de nombreuses régions. Une défaillance structurelle soudaine, combinée aux efforts de nettoyage ou aux actions préventives de dépollution, engendrerait un choc économique majeur pour ces économies bleues, y compris pour la pêche artisanale.
La pollution pétrolière a un coût humain et environnemental immense, en plus du poids financier des opérations de dépollution. La gestion préventive des épaves potentiellement polluantes afin d’éviter les marées noires implique un investissement important. Celui-ci peut aller de la surveillance non intrusive, faisant appel à des technologies innovantes de télédétection, à des interventions planifiées pour le retrait des hydrocarbures. Pourtant, toutes les analyses et études de cas démontrent que le coût d’une intervention d’urgence est largement supérieur à celui d’une gestion stratégique. En outre, l’expérience montre qu’il est presque impossible d’éviter les dommages à long terme. La valeur écologique et culturelle d’un écosystème pollué peut ne jamais être entièrement restaurée.
Face à cette menace existentielle pour la santé des océans, l’UICN et l’ICOMOS encouragent les gouvernements et leurs agences compétentes à surveiller, évaluer, développer et partager des outils et des bonnes pratiques innovantes pour la gestion stratégique et, lorsque cela est possible, l’élimination des polluants provenant d’épaves.
L’UICN et l’ICOMOS appellent également le Programme des Nations Unies pour l’environnement (PNUE) à envisager une collaboration avec les gouvernements et leurs agences compétentes afin de développer des lignes directrices ou un outil d’évaluation des risques liés à la pollution provenant des épaves, et d’identifier des solutions possibles. Cette démarche devra tenir compte du fait que de nombreuses épaves potentiellement polluantes sont également des lieux de sépulture maritime et des éléments du patrimoine culturel subaquatique. Cette initiative viendrait soutenir directement le premier défi identifié par la Décennie des Nations Unies pour les sciences océaniques au service du développement durable (2021-2030) : comprendre et combattre la pollution marine. L’UICN et l’ICOMOS se tiennent prêts à soutenir le PNUE dans cet effort.